HERE IS THE LIST OF URDU NOVELS AVAILABLE AT FAMOUS URDU NOVELS these all novels are taken from the net and I am thankful those who upload them. Major depressive disorder - Wikipedia. Major depressive disorder. Synonyms. Clinical depression, major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, recurrent depression. Vincent van Gogh's 1. Sorrowing old man ('At Eternity's Gate')Specialty. ApnaPakForums: Watch All Pakistani Dramas ONLINE in High Quality. Welcome to the ApnaPakForums: Watch All Pakistani Dramas ONLINE in High Quality.
Another common phenomena is Venus’ strong winds, which reach speeds of up to 85 m/s (300 km/h; 186.4 mph) at the cloud tops and circle the planet every four to five. This mod will start were the original Half Life2 episode 2 ended, with the death of Alyx her father. She became sick by the loss and layes in bed. Psychiatry. Symptoms. Low mood, low self- esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, pain without a clear cause. Females are affected about twice as often as males. Depressed people may be preoccupied with, or ruminate over, thoughts and feelings of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt or regret, helplessness, hopelessness, and self- hatred. These symptoms include delusions or, less commonly, hallucinations, usually unpleasant. Insomnia is common among the depressed. In the typical pattern, a person wakes very early and cannot get back to sleep. They may be described as clingy, demanding, dependent, or insecure. The 1. 99. 0–9. 2 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reports that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder. One or more pain symptoms are present in 6. The diagnosis of depression is often delayed or missed, and the outcome worsens. The outcome can also worsen if the depression is noticed but completely misunderstood. People with major depression are less likely to follow medical recommendations for treating and preventing cardiovascular disorders, which further increases their risk of medical complications. The biopsychosocial model proposes that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a role in causing depression. The preexisting vulnerability can be either genetic. Childhood trauma also correlates with severity of depression, lack of response to treatment and length of illness. However, some are more susceptible to developing mental illness such as depression after trauma, and various genes have been suggested to control susceptibility. However, since the 1. Therapies associated with depression include interferon therapy, beta- blockers, Isotretinoin, contraceptives. The theory postulates that insufficient activity of monoamine neurotransmitters is the primary cause of depression. Evidence for the monoamine theory comes from multiple areas. Firstly, acute depletion of tryptophan, a necessary precursor of serotonin, a monoamine, can cause depression in those in remission or relatives of depressed patients; this suggests that decreased serotonergic neurotransmission is important in depression. Third, decreased size of the locus coeruleus, decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, increased density of alpha- 2 adrenergic receptor, and evidence from rat models suggest decreased adrenergic neurotransmission in depression. Further countering the monoamine hypothesis is the fact that rats with lesions of the dorsal raphe are not more depressive that controls, the finding of increased jugular 5- HIAA in depressed patients that normalized with SSRI treatment, and the preference for carbohydrates in depressed patients. However, this abnormality is not adequate as a diagnosis tool, because its sensitivity is only 4. The first model proposed is the . The broad clinical aim is to formulate the relevant biological, psychological, and social factors that may be impacting on the individual's mood. The assessor may also discuss the person's current ways of regulating mood (healthy or otherwise) such as alcohol and drug use. The assessment also includes a mental state examination, which is an assessment of the person's current mood and thought content, in particular the presence of themes of hopelessness or pessimism, self- harm or suicide, and an absence of positive thoughts or plans. A review found that non- psychiatrist physicians miss about two- thirds of cases, though this has improved somewhat in more recent studies. These include blood tests measuring TSH and thyroxine to exclude hypothyroidism; basic electrolytes and serum calcium to rule out a metabolic disturbance; and a full blood count including ESR to rule out a systemic infection or chronic disease. Testosterone levels may be evaluated to diagnose hypogonadism, a cause of depression in men. There are several potential biomarkers, including Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor and various functional MRI techniques. One study developed a decision tree model of interpreting a series of f. MRI scans taken during various activities. In their subjects, the authors of that study were able to achieve a sensitivity of 8. However, much more research is needed before these tests could be used clinically. At least one of these must be present to make a diagnosis of major depressive episode. The category Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified is diagnosed if the depressive episode's manifestation does not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. The ICD- 1. 0 system does not use the term major depressive disorder but lists very similar criteria for the diagnosis of a depressive episode (mild, moderate or severe); the term recurrent may be added if there have been multiple episodes without mania. An episode with psychotic features—commonly referred to as psychotic depression—is automatically rated as severe. If the patient has had an episode of mania or markedly elevated mood, a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is made instead. Here, the person is mute and almost stuporous, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia or in manic episodes, or may be caused by neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Postpartum depression has an incidence rate of 1. The DSM- IV mandates that, in order to qualify as postpartum depression, onset occur within one month of delivery. It has been said that postpartum depression can last as long as three months. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two- year period or longer. Dysthymia is a chronic, milder mood disturbance in which a person reports a low mood almost daily over a span of at least two years. The symptoms are not as severe as those for major depression, although people with dysthymia are vulnerable to secondary episodes of major depression (sometimes referred to as double depression). Although depression is currently categorized as a separate disorder, there is ongoing debate because individuals diagnosed with major depression often experience some hypomanic symptoms, indicating a mood disorder continuum. They include depressions due to physical illness, medications, and substance abuse. Depression due to physical illness is diagnosed as a Mood disorder due to a general medical condition. This condition is determined based on history, laboratory findings, or physical examination. When the depression is caused by a medication, drug of abuse, or exposure to a toxin, it is then diagnosed as a specific mood disorder (previously called Substance- induced mood disorder in the DSM- IV- TR). In addition, the programs that best prevented depression comprised more than eight sessions, each lasting between 6. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 3. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice (over medication) for people under 1. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2. The guidelines recommend that antidepressants treatment in combination with psychosocial interventions should be considered for: People with a history of moderate or severe depression. Those with mild depression that has been present for a long period. As a second line treatment for mild depression that persists after other interventions. As a first line treatment for moderate or severe depression. The guidelines further note that antidepressant treatment should be continued for at least six months to reduce the risk of relapse, and that SSRIs are better tolerated than tricyclic antidepressants. Options may include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, exercise, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or light therapy. Antidepressant medication is recommended as an initial treatment choice in people with mild, moderate, or severe major depression, and should be given to all patients with severe depression unless ECT is planned. Development of mental health services is minimal in many countries; depression is viewed as a phenomenon of the developed world despite evidence to the contrary, and not as an inherently life- threatening condition. This effect is usually temporary. Besides sleepiness, this method can cause a side effect of mania or hypomania. A 2. 01. 5 review found that cognitive behavioral therapy appears to be similar to antidepressant medication in terms of effect. Research beginning in the mid- 1. CBT could perform as well as or better than antidepressants in patients with moderate to severe depression. It also tends to focus more on the person's immediate problems, and has an additional social and interpersonal focus. Stronger evidence supports the usefulness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression that is chronic (dysthymia) or severe. While small benefits were found, researchers Irving Kirsch and Thomas Moore state they may be due to issues with the trials rather than a true effect of the medication. FDA published a systematic review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1. The authors concluded that maintenance treatment reduced the risk of relapse by 5. Response rates to the first antidepressant administered range from 5. They are still used only rarely, although newer and better- tolerated agents of this class have been developed. One review found no connection. ECT is administered under anesthetic with a muscle relaxant. These three forms of application have significant differences in both adverse side effects and symptom remission. The Planet Venus - Universe Today. As the morning star, the evening star, and the brightest natural object in the sky (after the Moon), human beings have been aware of Venus since time immemorial. Even though it would be many thousands of years before it was recognized as being a planet, its has been a part of human culture since the beginning of recorded history. Because of this, the planet has played a vital role in the mythology and astrological systems of countless peoples. With the dawn of the modern age, interest in Venus has grown, and observations made about its position in the sky, changes in appearance, and similar characteristics to Earth have taught us much about our Solar System. Size, Mass, and Orbit: Because of its similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and composition, Venus is often referred to as Earth’s “sister planet”. With a mass of 4. In fact, with its farthest orbit (aphelion) of 0. AU (1. 08,9. 39,0. AU (1. 07,4. 77,0. Solar System. Size comparison of Venus and Earth. Credit: NASA/JPL/Magellan. When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun, a position known as inferior conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet, at an average distance of 4. Earth). This takes place, on average, once every 5. The planet completes an orbit around the Sun every 2. Venus is 6. 1. 5% as long as a year on Earth. Unlike most other planets in the Solar System, which rotate on their axes in an counter- clockwise direction, Venus rotates clockwise (called “retrograde” rotation). It also rotates very slowly, taking 2. Earth days to complete a single rotation. This is not only the slowest rotation period of any planet, it also means that a sidereal day on Venus lasts longer than a Venusian year. Composition and Surface Features: Little direct information is available on the internal structure of Venus. However, based on its similarities in mass and density to Earth, scientists believe that they share a similar internal structure – a core, mantle, and crust. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is believed to be at least be partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate. One difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics, which could be due to its crust being too strong to subduct without water to make it less viscous. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and the possibility that internal heat is lost in periodic major resurfacing events. This is also suggested as a possible reason for why Venus has no internally generated magnetic field. The internal structure of Venus – the crust (outer layer), the mantle (middle layer) and the core (yellow inner layer). Credit: Wikipedia Commons. Venus’ surface appears to have been shaped by extensive volcanic activity. Venus also has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and has 1. The presence of these volcanoes is due to the lack of plate tectonics, which results in an older, more preserved crust. Whereas Earth’s oceanic crust is subject to subduction at its plate boundaries, and is on average ~1. Venusian surface is estimated to be 3. There are indications that volcanic activity may be ongoing on Venus. Missions performed by the Soviet space program in 1. European Space Agency have detected lightning storms in Venus’ atmosphere. Since Venus does not experience rainfall (except in the form of sulfuric acid), it has been theorized that the lightning is being caused by a volcanic eruption. Other evidence is the periodic rise and fall of sulfur dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, which could be the result of periodic, large volcanic eruptions. And finally, localized infrared hot spots (likely to be in the range of 8. K) have appeared on the surface, which could represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions. The preservation of Venus’ surface is also responsible for its impact craters, which are impeccably preserved. Almost a thousand craters exist, which are evenly distributed across the surface and range from 3 km to 2. No craters smaller than 3 km exist because of the effect the dense atmosphere has on incoming objects. D perspective of the Venusian volcano, Maat Mons generated from radar data from NASA’s Magellan mission. Essentially, objects with less than a certain amount of kinetic energy are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. And incoming projectiles less than 5. Atmosphere and Climate: Surface observations of Venus have been difficult in the past, due to its extremely dense atmosphere, which is composed primarily of carbon dioxide with a small amount of nitrogen. At 9. 2 bar (9. 2 MPa), the atmospheric mass is 9. Earth’s atmosphere and the pressure at the planet’s surface is about 9. Earth’s surface. Venus is also the hottest planet in our Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 7. K (4. 62 . This is due to the CO. Above the dense CO. The planet’s minute axial tilt – less than 3. The only appreciable variation in temperature occurs with altitude. The highest point on Venus, Maxwell Montes, is therefore the coolest point on the planet, with a temperature of about 6. K (3. 80 . At this speed, these winds move up to 6. Earth’s fastest winds are only 1. Venus flybys have also indicated that its dense clouds are capable of producing lightning, much like the clouds on Earth. Their intermittent appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity, and the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth. Historical Observations: Although ancients peoples knew about Venus, some of the cultures thought it was two separate celestial objects – the evening star and the morning star. Although the Babylonians realized that these two “stars” were in fact the same object – as indicated in the Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, dated 1. BCE – it was not until the 6th century BCE that this became a common scientific understanding. Many cultures have identified the planet with their respective goddess of love and beauty. Venus is the Roman name for the goddess of love, while the Babylonians named it Ishtar and the Greeks called it Aphrodite. The Romans also designated the morning aspect of Venus Lucifer (literally “Light- Bringer”) and the evening aspect as Vesper (“evening”, “supper”, “west”), both of which were literal translations of the respective Greek names (Phosphorus and Hesperus). Venus approaches the Sun in a 2. Earth. Credit: NASAThe transit of Venus in front of the Sun was first observed in 1. Persian astronomer Avicenna, who concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun. In the 1. 2th century, the Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah observed two black spots in front of the sun, which were later identified as the transits of Venus and Mercury by Iranian astronomer Qotb al- Din Shirazi in the 1. Modern Observations: By the early 1. Venus was observed by English astronomer Jeremiah Horrocks on December 4th, 1. William Crabtree, a fellow English astronomer and friend of Horrocks’, observed the transit at the same time, also from his home. When the Galileo Galilei first observed the planet in the early 1. Moon, varying from crescent to gibbous to full, and vice versa. This behavior, which could only be possible if Venus’ orbited the Sun, became part of Galileo’s challenge to the Ptolemaic geocentric model and his advocacy of the Copernican heliocentric model. The atmosphere of Venus was discovered in 1. Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov, and then observed in 1. German astronomer Johann Schr. He correctly surmised this was due to the scattering of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Artist’s impression of the surface of Venus Credit: ESA/AOESIn December 1. American astronomer Chester Smith Lyman made observations of Venus from the Yale Observatory, where he was on the board of managers. While observing the planet, he spotted a complete ring of light around the dark side of the planet when it was at inferior conjunction, providing further evidence for an atmosphere. Little else was discovered about Venus until the 2. The first UV observations were carried out in the 1. Frank E. Ross found that UV photographs revealed considerable detail, which appeared to be the result of a dense, yellow lower atmosphere with high cirrus clouds above it. Spectroscopic observations in the early 2. Venusian rotation. Vesto Slipher tried to measure the Doppler shift of light from Venus. After finding that he could not detect any rotation, he surmised the planet must have a very long rotation period. Later work in the 1. Radar observations of Venus were first carried out in the 1. Radar observations in the 1. Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time – such as the presence of the Maxwell Montes mountains. Exploration of Venus: The first attempts to explore Venus were mounted by the Soviets in the 1. Venera Program. The first spacecraft, Venera- 1 (also known in the west as Sputnik- 8) was launched on February 1. However, contact was lost seven days into the mission when the probe was about 2 million km from Earth. By mid- may, it was estimated that the probe had passed within 1. Venus. The Mariner 1 and 2 spacecrafts made their way to Venus. Mariner 2 was the first successful Venus Flyby on . Credit: NASA/JPLThe United States launched the Mariner 1 probe on July 2. Venus flyby; but here too, contact was lost during launch. The Mariner 2 mission, which launched on December 1. Venus’ surface. Its observations confirmed earlier ground- based observations which indicated that though the cloud tops were cool, the surface was extremely hot – at least 4. This put an end all speculation that the planet might harbor life. Mariner 2 also obtained improved estimates of Venus’s mass, but was unable to detect either a magnetic field or radiation belts. The Venera- 3 spacecraft was the Soviets second attempt to reach Venus, and their first attempted to place a lander on the planet’s surface. The spacecraft cash- landed on Venus on March 1st, 1.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
September 2017
Categories |